Also, the focus has been primarily on the effects of high temperatures, although low temperatures ( 13, 14) as well as high relative humidity ( 10), wind speed ( 15), and solar radiation ( 16) can also affect race finishing times. To date, the handful of studies on the topic have clearly shown a strong link between weather parameters and endurance running performance, but this is mainly derived from studies on marathon running and its application in other endurance events is unclear ( 7– 12). Translating this to Eliud Kipchoge’s 2018 World Record at the Berlin Marathon in temperate conditions (17☌ wet bulb globe temperature ) means an additional 3 min and 16 s, which would make his race only the seventh fastest in the world at that time, had he ran in warmer conditions (i.e., 25☌ WBGT-calculation based on a 2.7% performance decrement as suggested by Ely et al. It is clear that heat stress affects several parameters of importance for exercise endurance with associated performance impairment in both middle distance and marathon races, but with large variation in the average reported effect from ~3% to 14% ( 7, 8).
The effect of weather parameters such as temperature (i.e., heat or cold), relative humidity (i.e., dry or humid), wind speed, and solar radiation can undermine both athletic performance and event organization ( 2– 4, 6).
The implications of weather conditions on athletic performance have raised considerable attention, owing to the escalating climate change ( 1– 3), the desire to go beyond existing levels of human performance ( 4, 5), and the safe globalization of sports across all continents and climates (e.g., first Youth Summer Olympics in Africa in 2026).
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